Some scholars argue that strong socioeconomic factors such as the dowry system in India and the one child policy of China are responsible for prenatal sex selection. There is controversy about whether sex ratios outside the 1.03–1.07 range are due to sex selection, as suggested by some scholars, or due to natural causes. Ī roadside sign in rural Sichuan: "It is forbidden to discriminate against, abuse or abandon baby girls." In the aggregated results of 56 demographic and health surveys in African countries, the ratio is 1.03, albeit with considerable country-to-country variation. Among Western European countries around 2001, the ratios ranged from 1.04 in Belgium to 1.07 in Switzerland, Italy, Ireland and Portugal. In the United States, the sex ratios at birth over the period 1970–2002 were 1.05 for the white non-Hispanic population, 1.04 for Mexican Americans, 1.03 for African Americans and Indians, and 1.07 for mothers of Chinese or Filipino ethnicity. For example, in the United States, as of 2006, an adult non-elderly male was 3 to 6 times more likely to become a victim of a homicide and 2.5 to 3.5 times more likely to die in an accident than a female of the same age. Thus females have a higher life expectancy. In most populations, adult males tend to have higher death rates than adult females of the same age (even after allowing for causes specific to females such as death in childbirth), due to both natural causes such as heart attacks and strokes, which account for by far the majority of deaths, and also violent causes, such as homicide and warfare. It has been proposed that these environmental factors also explain sex differences in mortality.
Recent studies have found that numerous preconception or prenatal environmental factors affect the probabilities of a baby being conceived male or female. Often this is explained as due to biological and genetic sex differences, with boys more biologically vulnerable to premature death and disease. Infant mortality is significantly higher in boys than girls in most parts of the world. This assumption has been questioned by some scholars. Some scholars suggest that countries considered to have significant practices of prenatal sex-selection are those with birth sex ratios of 1.08 and above (selection against females) and 1.02 and below (selection against males). In a study around 2002, the natural sex ratio at birth was estimated to be within a narrow range of 1.07 to 1.03 This article uses the ratio of males to females, unless specified otherwise. Scientific literature often uses the proportion of males. If there are 108,000 males and 100,000 females the ratio of males to females is 1.080 and the proportion of males is 51.9%. Human sex ratios, either at birth or in the population as a whole, can be reported in any of four ways: the ratio of males to females, the ratio of females to males, the proportion of males, or the proportion of females. The sex ratio for the entire world population is approximately 101 males to 100 females (2021 est.). The sex ratio of the total population is affected by various factors including natural factors, exposure to pesticides and environmental contaminants, war casualties, sex-selective abortions, infanticides, aging, gendercide and problems with birth registration. In humans, the natural ratio at birth between males and females is slightly biased towards the male sex: it is estimated to be about 1.05 or 1.06 or within a narrow range from 1.03 to 1.06 males per female. Like most sexual species, the sex ratio in humans is close to 1:1. More data are available for humans than for any other species, and the human sex ratio is more studied than that of any other species, but interpreting these statistics can be difficult. In anthropology and demography, the human sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. Blue represents more men, red more women than the world average of 0.81 males/female. Sex ratio by country for the over-65 population.
0 kommentar(er)
